Propylene glycol is a synthetic organic compound with the chemical formula C₃H₈O₂. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is hygroscopic (meaning it can absorb water from the air) and is miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform.
Chemical Properties of Propylene glycol:
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈O₂
Molecular Weight: 76.09 g/mol
Boiling Point: 188.2°C (370.8°F)
Melting Point: -59°C (-74.2°F)
Density: 1.036 g/cm³
Chemical and Physical Properties of Propylene Glycol
Chemical Properties:
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈O₂
Molecular Weight: 76.09 g/mol
Boiling Point: 188.2°C (370.8°F)
Melting Point: -59°C (-74.2°F)
Density: 1.036 g/cm³
Structural Information:
Propylene glycol is a diol, meaning it has two hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Its structure can be described as:
IUPAC Name: Propane-1,2-diol
Chemical Structure: CH₃-CHOH-CH₂OH
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Tasteless
Solubility: Miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform
Application of Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications across various industries due to its properties as a solvent, humectant, and preservative. Here are some of the primary applications:
1. Food Industry
Food Additive (E1520): Used to maintain moisture in products.
Solvent: For food colors and flavors.
Carrier: For emulsifiers and antioxidants.
2. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics
Topical Medications: Acts as a solvent and carrier for active ingredients in creams, lotions, and ointments.
Oral Medications: Used in liquid formulations.
Injectable Medications: Serves as a solvent for certain drugs.
Personal Care Products: Found in shampoos, conditioners, deodorants, and other cosmetics.
3. Antifreeze and Coolants
Automotive Antifreeze: Used in antifreeze formulations due to its low freezing point.
Industrial Coolants: Employed in cooling systems for machinery and equipment.
4. Industrial Applications
Solvent: In paints, coatings, and inks.
Plasticizer: In polymers to increase flexibility.
Hydraulic Fluids: Used in hydraulic systems.
5. E-cigarettes
E-liquid: Common ingredient in the liquid used in electronic cigarettes, serving as a carrier for nicotine and flavorings.
6. De-icing Solutions
Aircraft De-icing: Used in de-icing solutions for aircraft to prevent ice buildup.
7. Humectant
Moisture Retention: Used in various products to retain moisture, including tobacco products and pet food.
8. Veterinary Medicine
Animal Feed: Used as a feed additive to maintain moisture and improve texture.
9. Laboratory and Chemical Synthesis
Chemical Intermediate: Used in the synthesis of other chemicals and compounds.
10. Household Products
Cleaning Products: Found in some household cleaners and detergents.
Air Fresheners: Used as a solvent in air fresheners.
Safety and Regulatory Status
Propylene glycol is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. However, it can cause skin irritation in some individuals and should be handled with care. In large quantities, it can be toxic, but such exposure is uncommon in typical consumer products.
In summary, propylene glycol’s versatility and safety profile make it a valuable ingredient in a wide range of applications, from food and pharmaceuticals to industrial products and household items.
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